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Introduction from Drug peptide supply about: Glucagon/16941-32-5

What is Glucagon?

Glucagon is a straight-chain polypeptide hormone secreted by pancreatic islet alpha cells. It is known that glucagon must keep the molecule intact in order to exert its physiological activity. The structure of glucagon in humans and mammals (rabbit, cow, pig, rat, etc.) may be the same, and the structure of avian is slightly different. It is an important hormone to maintain normal blood sugar. Its main function is to activate the phosphorylase in the myocardium, promote the decomposition of glycogen, and has the effect of similar catecholamines. Therefore, it has a cardiotonic effect on the heart, increasing the heart rate and improving myocardial contractility. Enhanced, coronary blood flow increases. The cardiotonic effect is not accompanied by an increase in the excitability of the heart, but increases the entry of calcium ions into cardiomyocytes, activates adenosine cyclase on the liver cell membrane, and promotes the increase in the synthesis of intracellular cyclized-adenosine phosphate. Glucagon has been reported to have some efficacy in some cases of heart failure. In addition, its plasma levels are also increased to varying degrees under conditions such as diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, glucagonoma, and stress. Glucagon has four physiological functions to promote hepatic glycogenolysis, hepatic gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketone body formation. It can promote the uptake of amino acids by hepatocytes, accelerate the deamination process of amino acids in the liver, reduce the concentration of amino acids in plasma, reduce protein synthesis, and increase hepatic gluconeogenesis. In addition, it can activate the lipase capacity of intrahepatic fat storage cells, increase the release of free fatty acids, accelerate the process of fatty acid oxidation in liver cells, and also increase hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketone body production. At the same time, glucagon can also inhibit the tension and peristalsis of the stomach, small intestine and colon, reduce the tension of the gallbladder, inhibit the exocrine secretion of the pancreas, and inhibit the absorption of water and salt by the intestinal mucosa. Large doses of glucagon can also increase the concentration of cAMP in myocardial cells, increase heart rate, and enhance myocardial contractility.

Pharmacological effects of glucagon

The main function of glucagon is to promote glycogenolysis and generate glucose to increase blood sugar; secondly, it can also increase the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) through adenylate cyclase, thereby activating protein kinases and activating adipose tissue. lipase in the myocardium, promotes fat decomposition; activates the cardiac adenylate cyclase system, promotes the activity of cardiac phosphorylase, increases the accumulation of calcium in the myocardium, thereby enhancing myocardial contractility, increasing cardiac output and increasing blood pressure; also Can promote the secretion of insulin, somatostatin, thyroxine and calcitonin; promote the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves and chromaffin cells. Glucagon, insulin and somatostatin regulate each other to maintain blood sugar within the normal range. The secretion of glucagon is inversely proportional to the concentration of blood glucose, and the secretion of glucagon is also affected by amino acids, plasma free fatty acids, α-adrenergic receptor stimulators (norepinephrine), growth hormone-releasing inhibitory hormones.

Glucagon is a single-chain polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted by pancreatic islet α2 cells. Physiological antagonist of insulin. The effect on metabolism is similar to that of epinephrine, and it has the following effects: 1. Elevating blood sugar: it can activate the phosphorylase of the liver, promote the decomposition of liver glycogen and gluconeogenesis, and increase blood sugar. 2. Positive inotropic effect: It can increase intracellular cAMP content, enhance myocardial contractility, increase cardiac output and stroke work capacity. Its positive inotropic effect can still be exerted after the application of sufficient cardiac glycosides, and it is not blocked by propranolol. Although it can increase heart rate and blood pressure, it does not cause arrhythmia. Its production mechanism is: (1) activate adenylate cyclase to convert adenosine triphosphate into cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which enhances myocardial contractility; (2) promote the decomposition of liver glycogen and increases blood sugar levels; (3) promote insulin release and improves myocardial response to glucose. and promote the anaerobic glycolysis of the myocardium, thereby improving the energy metabolism of the myocardium. Combined use with digitalis cardiac glycosides can increase efficacy. 3. Effects on kidneys: dilate renal blood vessels, improve renal blood flow, and promote the excretion of sodium, potassium, and calcium. 4. Effects on the digestive system: It can cause the smooth muscle relaxation of the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and colon, inhibit the peristalsis of the stomach, small intestine, and colon, and increase the secretion of bile and intestinal juice. 5. Effects on the secretion system: stimulate the adrenal medulla and promote the release of catecholamines. It can also promote the secretion of insulin, thyroid hormone, calcitonin, and growth hormone.

How to buy Glucagon in the U. S.

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